【英文标准名称】:Metallicmaterials-Tensiletesting-Part1:Methodoftestingatambienttemperature;GermanversionEN10002-1:2001
【原文标准名称】:金属材料.拉力试验.第1部分:室温下的试验方法
【标准号】:DINEN10002-1-2001
【标准状态】:作废
【国别】:德国
【发布日期】:2001-12
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:德国标准化学会(DE-DIN)
【起草单位】:
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:定义;机械试验;试验设备;符号;试验;术语;参数;金属材料;材料;试验报告;精密度;屈服强度;抽样方法;金属的;应变;抗拉试验工件;膨胀;拉伸应变;伸长值;抗拉强度;断裂伸长;额定值;膨胀试验;延伸;抗拉试验;金属;环境温度;试样;材料试验
【英文主题词】:Ambienttemperature;Ambienttemperatures;Definitions;Elongation;Elongationatfracture;Elongationvalues;Expansiontests;Expansions;Materials;Materialstesting;Mechanicaltesting;Metallic;Metallicmaterials;Metals;Parameters;Precision;Ratings;Samples;Samplingmethods;Strain;Symbols;Tensilestrain;Tensilestrength;Tensiletestpieces;Tensiletesting;Terms;Testequipment;Testreports;Testing;Yieldstrength
【摘要】:
【中国标准分类号】:H22
【国际标准分类号】:77_040_10
【页数】:46P.;A4
【正文语种】:德语


【英文标准名称】:StandardPracticeforInVivoRatHepatocyteDNARepairAssay
【原文标准名称】:鼠体内肝细胞DNA修复化验的标准作法
【标准号】:ASTME1398-1991(2008)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:1991
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:F04.16
【标准类型】:(Practice)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:DNA(deoxyribonucleicacid);Geneticexamination;HepatocyteDNArepairassay;Rats;Thymidine
【摘要】:MeasurementofchemicallyinducedDNArepairisameansofassessingtheabilityofachemicaltoreachandaltertheDNA.DNArepairisanenzymaticprocessthatinvolvesrecognitionandexcisionofDNA-chemicaladducts,followedbyDNAstrandpolymerizationandligationtorestoretheoriginalprimarystructureoftheDNA(6).ThisprocesscanbequantitatedbymeasuringtheamountoflabeledthymidineincorporatedintothenuclearDNAofcellsthatarenotinS-phaseandisoftencalledunscheduledDNAsynthesis(UDS)(7).NumerousassayshavebeendevelopedforthemeasurementofchemicallyinducedDNArepairinvariouscelllinesandprimarycellculturesfrombothrodentandhumanorigin(4).TheprimaryculturerathepatocyteDNArepairassayhasproventobeparticularlyvaluableinassessingthegenotoxicactivityofchemicals(8).Genotoxicactivityoftenresultsfrommetabolitesofachemical.Theinvitrorathepatocyteassayprovidesasysteminwhichametabolicallycompetentcellisalsothetargetcell.Mostotherinvitroshort-termtestsforgenotoxicityemployaratliverhomogenate(S-9)formetabolicactivation,whichdiffersmarkedlyinmanyimportantwaysfromthepatternsofactivationanddetoxificationthatactuallyoccurinhepatocytes.AnextensiveliteratureisavailableontheuseofinvitroDNArepairassays(9-19).AfurtheradvancewasthedevelopmentofaninvivorathepatocyteDNArepairassayinwhichthetestchemicalisadministeredtotheanimalandtheresultingDNArepairisassessedinhepatocytesisolatedfromthetreatedanimal(20).NumeroussystemsnowexisttomeasurechemicallyinducedDNArepairinspecifictissuesinthewholeanimal(4).Theaverageofinvivoassaysisthattheyreflectthecomplexpatternsofuptake,distribution,metabolism,detoxification,andexcretionthatoccurinthewholeanimal.Further,factorssuchaschronicexposure,sexdifferences,anddifferentroutesofexposurecanbestudiedwiththesesystems.Thisisillustratedbythepotenthepatocarcinogen2,6-dinitrotoluene(DNT).Metabolicactivationof2,6-DNTinvolvesuptake,metabolismbytheliver,excretionintothebile,reductionofthenitrogroupbygutflora,readsorption,andfurthermetabolismbytheliveronceagaintofinallyproducetheultimategenotoxicant(21).Thus,2,6-DNTisnegativeintheinvitrohepatocyteDNArepairassay(22)butisaverypotentinducerofDNArepairintheinvivoDNArepairassay(23,24).Aproblemwithtissue-specificassaysisthattheymayfailtodetectactivityofcompoundsthatproducetumorsinothertargettissues.Forexample,noactivityisseenintheinvivoDNArepairassaywiththepotentmutagenbenzo(a)pyrene(BP),probablybecauselimitedtissuedistributionandgreaterdetoxificationintheliveryieldstoofewDNAadductstoproduceameasurableresponse(3).Incontrast,BPisreadilydetectedinthelesstissue-specificinvitrohepatocyteDNArepairassay(11).AnextensiveliteratureexistsontheuseoftheinvivohepatocyteDNArepairassay(1-3,5,9,25-33).1.1ThispracticecoversatypicalprocedureandguidelinesforconductingtheratinvivohepatocyteDNArepairassay.Theprocedurespresentedherearebasedonsimilarprotocolsthathave......
【中国标准分类号】:B41
【国际标准分类号】:11_220
【页数】:9P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语